Ride-Hailing Drivers in Civilian Policing: Legal Boundaries and A 3K Framework For Public Security in Indonesia
Abstract
Abstrak
Partisipasi pengemudi ojek online dalam civilian policing menimbulkan persoalan hukum mengenai bagaimana mobilitas dan kapasitas komunikasi berbasis jaringan dapat mendukung keamanan publik tanpa memperluas kewenangan koersif kepolisian kepada aktor sipil. Penelitian ini menganalisis batas hukum partisipasi tersebut dan mengembangkan kerangka normatif untuk mengintegrasikan informasi yang dihasilkan pengemudi ke dalam proses kepolisian yang akuntabel. Penelitian menggunakan metode yuridis normatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan, regulasi, dan konseptual, dengan memanfaatkan bahan hukum primer yang mengatur kewenangan kepolisian, pemolisian masyarakat, pelaporan digital, dan pelindungan data pribadi, serta literatur akademik yang relevan. Hasil analisis menempatkan pengemudi ojek online sebagai mitra sipil nonkoersif yang kontribusinya berasal dari kapasitas informasi yang terdistribusi, bukan dari kompetensi kepolisian atau kewenangan hukum. Peran yang dapat dijalankan terbatas pada pengamatan, dokumentasi yang sah, komunikasi, dan pelaporan, sedangkan penilaian, verifikasi, dan penegakan hukum tetap menjadi tanggung jawab Polri. Penelitian ini mengembangkan Kerangka 3K—Komunikasi, Koordinasi, dan Konfirmasi—sebagai mekanisme konseptual untuk mengatur peralihan dari informasi sipil menuju respons kepolisian yang berwenang. Komunikasi menstrukturkan penyampaian observasi awal, Koordinasi mengatur pembagian peran institusional antara pengemudi, perusahaan platform, dan Polri, sedangkan Konfirmasi berfungsi sebagai gerbang kewenangan melalui penilaian oleh personel kepolisian yang berwenang sebelum dilakukan respons koersif. Kerangka ini memberikan kontribusi pada kajian civilian policing dan community policing dengan memperjelas bagaimana partisipasi berbasis platform dapat mendukung fungsi kepolisian tanpa mengubah kapasitas informasi sipil menjadi kewenangan kepolisian yang didelegasikan. Implementasinya memerlukan pembagian tanggung jawab institusional yang jelas, pelindungan data pribadi, dan pengaturan pertukaran informasi antara platform dan kepolisian.
Kata Kunci: Kerangka 3K; Pelaporan Digital; Pemolisian Masyarakat; Pemolisian Sipil; Pengemudi Ojek Online.
Abstract
The participation of ride-hailing drivers in civilian policing raises a legal problem concerning how their mobility and networked communication capacity can support public security without extending coercive police authority to civilian actors. This study examines the legal boundaries of such participation and develops a normative framework for integrating driver-generated information into accountable police processes. It employs normative legal research through statutory, regulatory, and conceptual approaches, drawing on primary legal materials governing police authority, community policing, digital reporting, and personal-data protection, together with relevant scholarly literature. The analysis identifies ride-hailing drivers as non-coercive civilian partners whose contribution derives from distributed informational capacity rather than policing competence or legal authority. Their permissible role is limited to observing, lawfully documenting, communicating, and reporting incidents, while assessment, verification, and enforcement remain the responsibility of Polri. The study develops the 3K Framework—Communication, Coordination, and Confirmation—as a conceptual mechanism for governing the transition from civilian information to authoritative police response. Communication structures the transmission of initial observations, Coordination allocates institutional roles among drivers, platform operators, and Polri, while Confirmation operates as an authority gate through which information is assessed by authorized police personnel before any coercive response. The framework contributes to civilian- and community-policing scholarship by clarifying how platform-mediated participation can support policing without converting civilian informational capacity into delegated police authority. Its implementation requires clear institutional accountability, data-protection safeguards, and regulated police–platform information sharing.
Keywords: 3K Framework; Civilian Policing; Community Policing; Digital Reporting; Ride-Hailing Drivers
References
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