International Journal of Islamic Education, Research and Multiculturalism (IJIERM)

Islamic Epistemology of Knowledge: Integrating Revelation, Nature, and Human Experience

2026-04-23T12:18:28+07:00

Abstrak

Ilmu pengetahuan dalam Islam dipandang sebagai amanah ilahiah yang tidak hanya bersumber dari akal dan pengalaman empiris, tetapi juga dari wahyu Allah yang tertuang dalam Al-Qur’an dan Hadis. Namun, dalam konteks modern, perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan cenderung mengalami fragmentasi epistemologis dengan memisahkan dimensi rasional, empiris, dan spiritual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara komprehensif konsep ilmu dan sumber-sumbernya dalam perspektif Al-Qur’an dan Hadis, serta menjelaskan relevansinya bagi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan kontemporer. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis studi kepustakaan, melalui analisis terhadap teks Al-Qur’an, Hadis, serta karya-karya klasik dan kontemporer para ulama dan akademisi yang relevan dengan epistemologi Islam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Islam memandang ilmu secara holistik dengan tiga sumber utama, yaitu ayat qauliyyah (wahyu), ayat kauniyyah (alam semesta), dan ayat insaniyyah (pengalaman manusia). Ketiga sumber ini bersifat saling melengkapi dan terintegrasi dalam kerangka epistemologi Islam. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dalam Islam harus berlandaskan nilai-nilai etika, spiritual, dan kemanusiaan agar ilmu tidak hanya bermanfaat secara duniawi, tetapi juga bernilai transendental. Dengan demikian, epistemologi Islam menawarkan solusi atas krisis pengetahuan modern melalui pendekatan yang integratif dan berorientasi pada kemaslahatan manusia.

Kata Kunci: Ilmu Pengetahuan; Sumber Ilmu; Epistemologi Islam; Al-Qur’an; Hadis

Abstract

In Islam, knowledge is understood as a divine trust that is not solely derived from human reason and empirical experience, but also from revelation as conveyed through the Qur’an and Hadith. However, contemporary scientific development often exhibits epistemological fragmentation by separating rational, empirical, and spiritual dimensions of knowledge. This study aims to comprehensively examine the concept of knowledge and its sources from the perspectives of the Qur’an and Hadith, as well as to analyze their relevance for contemporary knowledge development. This research employs a qualitative approach using a library-based method, analyzing Qur’anic verses, Hadith, and classical as well as contemporary scholarly works related to Islamic epistemology. The findings reveal that Islamic epistemology recognizes three primary and interconnected sources of knowledge: qauliyyah verses (revelation), kauniyyah verses (the universe), and insaniyyah verses (human experience). These sources form an integrated and holistic framework that guides the acquisition and application of knowledge. The study concludes that the development of knowledge in Islam must remain grounded in ethical, spiritual, and humanistic values to ensure that knowledge contributes not only to worldly progress but also to transcendental and moral objectives. Thus, Islamic epistemology offers an integrative solution to contemporary epistemological challenges.

Keywords: Knowledge; Sources of Knowledge; Islamic Epistemology; Qur’an; Hadith

The Role of the Muhammadiyah Student Associationin Forming Students' Morals At Mts Aisyiyah Binjai

2026-05-02T12:29:49+07:00

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji bagaimana Ikatan Pelajar Muhammadiyah (IPM) berkontribusi terhadap pembentukan moral siswa di MTs Aisyiyah Binjai, serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor pendukung dan penghambat dalam pelaksanaannya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa IPM berfungsi sebagai ruang sosialisasi moral berbasis siswa melalui teladan, interaksi sesama siswa, dan kegiatan organisasi yang terstruktur, di mana siswa diberi otonomi dalam mengelola program dan terlibat dalam pembelajaran berbasis pengalaman. Kegiatan seperti MABITCA, Muhadharah, dan Gerakan Anti-Sampah (GAS) menyediakan konteks untuk internalisasi nilai-nilai keagamaan, sosial, dan lingkungan dalam praktik kehidupan sekolah sehari-hari. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa pembentukan moral terjadi melalui pola kepemimpinan teladan dan interaksi sesama siswa yang mendukung pengembangan disiplin, etika komunikasi, dan kesadaran keagamaan pada siswa, meskipun proses ini dipengaruhi oleh beberapa hambatan, seperti keterbatasan waktu dan faktor eksternal seperti media sosial. Penelitian ini berkontribusi dalam memperkaya kajian organisasi siswa sebagai mekanisme pembentukan moral dalam pendidikan Islam, khususnya melalui pendekatan berbasis teman sebaya dan praktik langsung.

Keywords: Ikatan Pelajar Muhammadiyah (IPM), Organisasi Pelajar, Pembentukan Moral, Pendidikan Islam

Abstract

This study aims to examine how the Muhammadiyah Student Association (IPM) contributes to the formation of students' moral character (akhlak) at MTs Aisyiyah Binjai, as well as to identify the supporting and constraining factors influencing its implementation. This research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings suggest that IPM operates as a student-led moral socialization space through role modeling, peer interaction, and structured organizational activities, where students are given autonomy to manage programs and engage in experiential learning. Activities such as MABITCA, Muhadharah, and the Anti-Waste Movement (GAS) provide contexts for the internalization of religious, social, and environmental values in everyday school practices. The study further indicates that moral formation is shaped through exemplary leadership and peer-based interaction, which supports the development of discipline, communication ethics, and religious awareness among students, although this process is influenced by constraints such as limited time and external factors including social media. This study contributes to the literature by positioning student organizations as mechanisms of moral formation in Islamic education through peer-based and practice-oriented approaches.

Keywords: Muhammadiyah Student Association (IPM), Student Organization, Moral Formation, Islamic Education

Transforming Character Education Through Integrated Islamic School Culture: Evidence From SMP It An-Naas Binjai

2026-04-26T12:28:19+07:00

Abstrak

Di tengah pesatnya perkembangan teknologi digital, fenomena krisis moralitas remaja semakin mencuat sebagai tantangan nyata dalam pendidikan. Pendidikan karakter berbasis nilai-nilai agama Islam menjadi solusi yang signifikan dalam mengatasi masalah tersebut. Namun, meskipun banyak penelitian yang mengkaji pendidikan karakter, masih terdapat kekurangan dalam hal pemahaman mengenai bagaimana budaya organisasi di sekolah Islam terpadu dapat berperan sistemik dalam membentuk karakter religius siswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis mekanisme implementasi budaya sekolah berbasis nilai Islam dalam pembentukan karakter religius siswa di SMP IT An-Naas Binjai, Sumatera Utara. Menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif, data dikumpulkan melalui observasi partisipatif, wawancara mendalam dengan 18 informan, dan studi dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa budaya sekolah yang berbasis nilai Islam, melalui mekanisme manajemen program Bina Pribadi Islam (BPI), habituasi ritual keagamaan, serta internalisasi nilai-nilai multikultural Islam, berkontribusi signifikan dalam pembentukan karakter siswa. Secara teoretis, penelitian ini memperkaya model pendidikan karakter Islam yang mengintegrasikan konsep Ta'dib, teori habituasi Lickona, dan multikulturalisme Islam dalam satu sistem budaya kelembagaan yang koheren.

Kata Kunci: Pendidikan Karakter, Budaya Sekolah Islam, Pendidikan Islam, Multikulturalisme Islam, Pembentukan Karakter Religius.

Abstract

The moral decline among adolescents, exacerbated by the pervasive influence of digital technology, poses a significant challenge for educational institutions to transform beyond mere knowledge transmission. While religiously grounded character education has been widely explored, there remains a substantial gap in understanding how the organizational culture of integrated Islamic schools functions systemically as a character-forming ecosystem at the junior secondary level. This study aims to analyze the implementation mechanisms of an Islamic value-based school culture in shaping the religious character of students at SMP IT An-Naas Binjai, North Sumatra. Employing a descriptive-analytical qualitative approach, data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews with 18 informants, and documentary analysis. The findings reveal that the school’s culture, through mechanisms such as the management of the Bina Pribadi Islam (BPI) program, the habituation of daily religious rituals, and the internalization of multicultural Islamic values, significantly contributes to character formation. Theoretically, this study enriches the integrated Islamic character education model by merging the concept of Ta'dib, Lickona's habituation theory, and Islamic multiculturalism into a coherent institutional culture system.

Keywords: Character education, Islamic school culture, Islamic education, Islamic multiculturalism, Religious character development.

The Impact of Flipped Classroom Instruction on Student Motivation in Islamic Moral Education: A Quasi-Experimental Study

2026-04-24T16:07:31+07:00

Abstrak

Pendidikan Aqidah Akhlak di Madrasah Tsanawiyah memiliki peran penting dalam membentuk karakter moral peserta didik, tetapi efektivitasnya sering terhambat oleh rendahnya motivasi belajar akibat dominasi metode pembelajaran konvensional yang bersifat satu arah dan monoton. Kondisi ini menjadi semakin problematis di tengah disrupsi digital yang menuntut model pembelajaran yang lebih partisipatif, adaptif, dan bermakna bagi generasi muda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji efektivitas model Flipped Classroom dalam meningkatkan motivasi belajar siswa pada mata pelajaran Aqidah Akhlak di MTs Nurul Iman Berngam Binjai. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain kuasi-eksperimen Non-equivalent Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design yang melibatkan 92 siswa kelas VIII, terdiri atas kelompok eksperimen dan kelompok kontrol. Instrumen penelitian berupa angket motivasi belajar berbasis model ARCS yang mencakup perhatian, relevansi, kepercayaan diri, dan kepuasan. Analisis data dilakukan melalui statistik deskriptif, uji prasyarat, Independent Samples T-Test, dan perhitungan N-Gain Score. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok eksperimen mengalami peningkatan motivasi belajar yang jauh lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok kontrol, dengan nilai rata-rata N-Gain 0,78 pada kategori tinggi, sedangkan kelompok kontrol hanya mencapai 0,22. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa model Flipped Classroom efektif sebagai strategi pedagogis transformasional untuk meningkatkan motivasi intrinsik dan keterlibatan aktif siswa dalam pembelajaran Aqidah Akhlak.

Kata Kunci: Flipped Classroom, Motivasi Belajar, Aqidah Akhlak, Kuasi-Eksperimen, Model ARCS

Abstract

Aqidah Akhlak education in Madrasah Tsanawiyah plays a vital role in shaping students’ moral character, yet its effectiveness is often constrained by low learning motivation resulting from the dominance of conventional, one-way, and monotonous instructional methods. This condition has become increasingly problematic amid digital disruption, which requires learning models that are more participatory, adaptive, and meaningful for contemporary students. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the Flipped Classroom model in increasing students’ learning motivation in Aqidah Akhlak at MTs Nurul Iman Berngam Binjai. The study employed a quantitative approach using a quasi-experimental Non-equivalent Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design involving 92 eighth-grade students divided into an experimental group and a control group. The research instrument was a learning motivation questionnaire based on the ARCS model, covering attention, relevance, confidence, and satisfaction. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, prerequisite testing, an Independent Samples T-Test, and N-Gain Score calculation. The findings revealed that the experimental group experienced a substantially higher increase in learning motivation than the control group, with an average N-Gain score of 0.78 in the high category, while the control group reached only 0.22. These results confirm that the Flipped Classroom model is effective as a transformative pedagogical strategy for strengthening students’ intrinsic motivation and active engagement in Aqidah Akhlak learning.

Keywords: Flipped Classroom, learning motivation, Aqidah Akhlak, quasi-experiment, ARCS model

Talaqqi-Based Instruction and Qur’anic Memorization Fluency: a Correlational Study Within Contemporary Tahfidz Education

2026-04-26T16:08:56+07:00

Qur’anic memorization emphasizes not only the ability to retain verses but also fluency in reciting them accurately and continuously according to tajwid rules. The talaqqi method, which involves direct teacher–student interaction, is widely used in Qur’anic learning; however, its relationship with memorization fluency requires empirical verification. This study aims to examine the correlation between the implementation of the talaqqi method and students’ Qur’anic memorization fluency at Ma’had Abu Ubaidah bin Al-Jarrah Medan. This research employed a quantitative approach with a correlational design. Data were collected using standardized scales measuring the implementation of the talaqqi method and the level of memorization fluency, and were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment correlation. The results indicate that the implementation of the talaqqi method is categorized as good, with a mean score of 104.6, while students’ memorization fluency is also at a good level, with a mean score of 68.37. The correlation analysis reveals a positive and statistically significant relationship between the talaqqi method and memorization fluency (r = 0.318; p = 0.005). Furthermore, the coefficient of determination (r² = 0.101) shows that the talaqqi method contributes 10.1% to students’ memorization fluency, while the remaining variance is influenced by other factors. These findings confirm that talaqqi is an important instructional component in improving Qur’anic memorization fluency.

The Effect of the Value Clarification Technique Method on Developing Students’ Respect For Teachers in Aqidah Akhlak Learning at MTs Nurul Iman Berngam

2026-05-02T12:29:27+07:00

Abstrak

Rendahnya sikap hormat peserta didik kepada guru dalam proses pembelajaran menjadi persoalan penting dalam pendidikan Akidah Akhlak, karena menunjukkan belum optimalnya internalisasi nilai akhlak dalam perilaku sehari-hari. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh metode Value Clarification Technique (VCT) dalam membentuk sikap hormat peserta didik kepada guru pada pembelajaran Akidah Akhlak di MTs Nurul Iman Berngam. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan metode Ex Post Facto. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 34 peserta didik yang diambil dengan teknik total sampling, sedangkan data dikumpulkan melalui observasi, angket, dan wawancara. Data dianalisis menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferensial melalui uji normalitas, uji homogenitas, dan regresi linear sederhana. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode VCT berpengaruh signifikan terhadap sikap hormat peserta didik kepada guru dengan nilai signifikansi sebesar 0,001 (<0,05). Nilai R Square sebesar 0,295 menunjukkan bahwa VCT memberikan kontribusi sebesar 29,50% terhadap pembentukan sikap hormat peserta didik, sedangkan 70,50% dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain yang tidak diteliti. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa VCT dapat digunakan sebagai strategi pembelajaran nilai yang membantu peserta didik memahami, memilih, dan menginternalisasi sikap hormat kepada guru secara sadar dalam pembelajaran Akidah Akhlak.

Kata Kunci: Value Clarification Technique, Sikap Hormat, Guru, Akidah Akhlak, Pendidikan Islam, Madrasah

Abstract

The low level of students’ respect for teachers in the learning process is a significant issue in Aqidah Akhlak education, as it indicates that moral values have not been optimally internalized in students’ everyday behavior. This study aims to analyze the effect of the Value Clarification Technique (VCT) method on shaping students’ respectful attitudes toward teachers in Aqidah Akhlak learning at MTs Nurul Iman Berngam. This study employed a quantitative approach using an ex post facto design. The sample consisted of 34 students selected through total sampling, while data were collected through observation, questionnaires, and interviews. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including normality tests, homogeneity tests, and simple linear regression. The results show that the VCT method has a significant effect on students’ respectful attitudes toward teachers, with a significance value of 0.001 (< 0.05). The R Square value of 0.295 indicates that VCT contributes 29.50% to the formation of students’ respectful attitudes, while the remaining 70.50% is influenced by other factors not examined in this study. These findings confirm that VCT can be used as a value-based learning strategy that enables students to understand, choose, and consciously internalize respectful attitudes toward teachers in Aqidah Akhlak learning.

Keywords: Value Clarification Technique, Respect, Teacher, Aqidah Akhlak, Islamic Education, Madrasah

Implementation of Contextual Teaching and Learning in the Formation of Student Discipline in Islamic Religious Education: A Case Study of Grade X Students at SMA Negeri 1 Kuala

2026-05-04T12:31:07+07:00

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi implementasi model Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) dalam pembelajaran Pendidikan Agama Islam (PAI) serta menjelaskan bagaimana model tersebut mendukung pembentukan perilaku disiplin siswa. Penelitian menggunakan desain studi kasus kualitatif di kelas X SMA Negeri 1 Kuala. Informan terdiri atas 3 guru PAI dan 122 siswa kelas X yang dipilih secara purposif berdasarkan keterlibatan mereka dalam pembelajaran PAI dan relevansinya dengan fokus kedisiplinan. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi kelas selama 8 kali wawancara semi-terstruktur, dan dokumentasi berupa catatan kehadiran, tugas, tata tertib kelas, serta dokumen pembelajaran. Data dianalisis melalui proses kondensasi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan/verifikasi kesimpulan. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa CTL diterapkan melalui pengaitan materi PAI dengan pengalaman keseharian siswa, diskusi kasus, kerja kelompok, pemodelan perilaku, refleksi nilai, dan penilaian autentik. Model ini mendukung pembentukan kedisiplinan melalui lima mekanisme pedagogis, yaitu relevansi pengalaman nyata, keterlibatan aktif siswa, kesadaran nilai, praktik tanggung jawab, dan pembiasaan perilaku. Studi ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk membuktikan pengaruh kausal CTL, melainkan menjelaskan proses pedagogis yang memungkinkan nilai disiplin diinternalisasi dalam pembelajaran PAI.

Kata Kunci: Contextual Teaching and Learning; Kedisiplinan Siswa; Pendidikan Agama Islam; Pendidikan Karakter; Studi Kualitatif

Abstract

This study explores the implementation of Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) in Islamic Religious Education and explains how this model supports the formation of students’ disciplinary behavior. A qualitative case-study design was employed in grade X of SMA Negeri 1 Kuala. The participants consisted of 3 Islamic Religious Education teacher(s) and 122 grade-X students selected through purposive sampling based on their involvement in Islamic Religious Education learning and their relevance to the focus on discipline. Data were collected through classroom observations during 8, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, including attendance records, assignments, classroom rules, and learning documents. The data were analyzed through data condensation, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The findings indicate that CTL was implemented by connecting Islamic Religious Education materials with students’ daily experiences, case discussions, group work, behavioral modeling, value reflection, and authentic assessment. The model supports discipline formation through five pedagogical mechanisms: real-life relevance, active student engagement, value awareness, responsible practice, and behavioral habituation. Rather than claiming a causal effect, this study contributes to explaining the pedagogical process through which discipline values are internalized in Islamic Religious Education learning.

Keywords: Contextual Teaching and Learning; Student Discipline; Islamic Religious Education; Character Education; Qualitative Study

Barriers To Medical Cannabis Legalization In Indonesia: A Case Study Of Legal, Institutional, And Political Inertia

2026-05-04T16:11:36+07:00

Abstrak

Penelitian ini mengkaji hambatan legalisasi ganja medis di Indonesia dalam kondisi stagnasi kebijakan, meskipun terdapat dinamika global dan perkembangan bukti ilmiah. Kajian ini bertumpu pada kerangka hukum nasional, khususnya Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika, serta keterkaitannya dengan Undang-Undang Kesehatan dan Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis hambatan utama dalam perumusan kebijakan ganja medis dari dimensi hukum, kelembagaan, dan politik. Metode penelitiannya menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus. Data diperoleh melalui wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan 4 (empat) informan serta analisis dokumen berupa penelitian terdahulu, draf perubahan Undang-Undang Narkotika, Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika, Undang-Undang Kesehatan, Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945, serta putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Analisis dilakukan dengan teknik analisis tematik melalui pengkodean bertahap. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa stagnasi kebijakan merupakan hasil keterkaitan antara ketidakjelasan norma hukum, keterbatasan kapasitas kelembagaan, dan pertimbangan politik dalam proses legislasi. Secara normatif, pengaturan ganja masih bersifat larangan tanpa pengaturan operasional untuk kepentingan medis. Secara kelembagaan, terdapat fragmentasi kewenangan dan dominasi pendekatan penegakan hukum yang restriktif. Selain itu, isu ini cenderung tidak menjadi prioritas dalam agenda legislasi. Secara yuridis, pengujian undang-undang telah dilakukan melalui Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 106/PUU-XVIII/2020 dan Nomor 13/PUU-XXII/2024, namun pelaksanaan penelitian ilmiah yang diperintahkan belum terealisasi. Penelitian ini mengajukan konsep legal–institutional inertia untuk menjelaskan kebuntuan kebijakan serta merekomendasikan reformasi regulasi terbatas, penguatan kelembagaan, dan strategi komunikasi berbasis bukti.

Kata Kunci: Ganja Medis; Inersia Kebijakan; Analisis Sosial-Hukum; Kebijakan Narkoba; Perubahan Kebijakan; Indonesia

Abstract

This study examines the obstacles to the legalization of medical cannabis in Indonesia amidst policy stagnation, despite global dynamics and the development of scientific evidence. This study focuses on the national legal framework, specifically Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, and its relationship to the Health Law and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The objective of this study is to identify and analyze the main obstacles in the formulation of medical cannabis policy from the legal, institutional, and political dimensions. The research method uses a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were obtained through semi-structured interviews with four informants and document analysis in the form of previous research, draft amendments to the Narcotics Law, Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, the Health Law, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and Constitutional Court decisions. The analysis was conducted using thematic analysis techniques through step-by-step coding. The findings indicate that policy stagnation is the result of the interplay between unclear legal norms, limited institutional capacity, and political considerations in the legislative process. Normatively, marijuana regulation remains prohibitive, with no operational regulations for medical purposes. Institutionally, there is fragmentation of authority and the dominance of restrictive law enforcement. Furthermore, this issue tends not to be a priority on the legislative agenda. Legally, judicial review of the law has been conducted through Constitutional Court Decisions No. 106/PUU-XVIII/2020 and No. 13/PUU-XXII/2024, but the implementation of scientific research is believed to have not been realized. This study proposes the concept of legal-institutional inertia to explain the policy impasse and recommends limited regulatory reform, institutional strengthening, and evidence-based communication strategies.

Keywords: Medical Cannabis; Policy Inertia; Socio-Legal Analysis; Drug Policy; Policy Change; Indonesia

Culture Based Religious Character Formation In Islamic Secondary Education: A Case Study of Mas Al-Washliyah Tembung

2026-05-04T16:11:35+07:00

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis bagaimana budaya sekolah berbasis nilai Islam berperan sebagai mekanisme sistemik dalam pembentukan karakter religius siswa pada pendidikan menengah Islam. Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus di MAS Al-Washliyah Tembung melalui observasi, wawancara mendalam, dan analisis dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa budaya sekolah berfungsi sebagai ekologi moral yang mengintegrasikan praktik ibadah, keteladanan guru, kepemimpinan sekolah, serta kolaborasi keluarga dalam rutinitas harian siswa. Praktik keagamaan seperti salat berjamaah, tilawah, dzikir, dan disiplin berbasis nilai membentuk pengalaman religius yang bersifat praktis dan berkelanjutan, sehingga mendorong internalisasi disiplin, tanggung jawab, dan perilaku sosial yang beretika. Secara konseptual, penelitian ini memperluas kajian karakter dengan menunjukkan bahwa budaya sekolah berbasis agama bekerja sebagai sistem institusional terpadu, bukan sekadar kumpulan aktivitas ritual. Secara internasional, temuan ini memberikan kontribusi bagi diskursus global tentang pendidikan karakter dengan menawarkan perspektif bagaimana budaya sekolah berbasis spiritual dapat mendukung tata kelola pendidikan yang berorientasi nilai. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan studi komparatif lintas konteks untuk memperkuat pengembangan kebijakan pendidikan karakter berbasis budaya.

Kata Kunci: pendidikan karakter berbasis budaya; pendidikan menengah Islam; pembentukan karakter religius; habituasi moral; pembentukan identitas religious.

Abstract

This study examines how Islamic school culture operates as a systemic mechanism for religious character formation in Islamic secondary education. A qualitative case-study design was employed at MAS Al-Washliyah Tembung using observations, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. The findings reveal that school culture functions as a moral ecology integrating worship routines, teacher role modelling, school leadership, and family collaboration into students’ daily experiences. Religious practices such as congregational prayer, Qur’anic recitation, dhikr, and value-based discipline create sustained experiential learning that fosters responsibility, self-discipline, and ethical social behaviour. Conceptually, the study contributes to character-education scholarship by demonstrating that faith-based school culture operates as an integrated institutional system rather than a collection of ritual activities. Internationally, the findings inform broader debates on value-driven education by illustrating how spiritually grounded school cultures can support moral education, student wellbeing, and value-oriented school governance. Future research is encouraged to adopt comparative and cross-national approaches to strengthen the global relevance of culture-based character education.

Keywords: culture-based character education; Islamic secondary education; religious character formation; moral habituation; religious identity formation.

Legal Protection and Liability of Notaries In The Custody of Land Title Certificates During Land Transfer: A Normative Legal Analysis In Indonesia

2026-05-04T16:11:34+07:00

Abstrak

Penelitian ini menganalisis ketidaklengkapan norma dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 tentang Jabatan Notaris (UUJN) terkait ketiadaan pengaturan eksplisit mengenai kewenangan notaris dalam penyimpanan sertifikat hak milik atas tanah selama proses pengalihan kepemilikan. Fokus kajian ini terletak pada konstruksi normatif Pasal 15 UUJN yang hanya memuat kewajiban umum bagi notaris untuk bertindak amanah dan menjaga kepentingan para pihak, namun tidak memberikan batasan maupun legitimasi kewenangan secara spesifik terhadap praktik penitipan sertifikat. Kondisi ini menimbulkan ketidakpastian hukum (legal uncertainty) serta membuka ruang interpretasi yang berpotensi menempatkan notaris dalam posisi tanggung jawab tanpa dasar otorisasi undang-undang yang eksplisit (ultra vires risk). Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif melalui pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual, penelitian ini mengkaji bahan hukum primer dan sekunder guna menilai bentuk perlindungan hukum yang tersedia serta konstruksi pertanggungjawaban notaris dalam praktik tersebut. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa perlindungan hukum bagi notaris bersifat tidak langsung dan bergantung pada penafsiran ketentuan umum UUJN, sehingga tidak memberikan jaminan kepastian hukum yang memadai. Dalam praktiknya, penyimpanan sertifikat kerap terjadi pada situasi di mana pembeli belum melunasi harga tanah secara keseluruhan, yang secara normatif tidak diatur secara tegas dalam UUJN. Akibat ketidaklengkapan norma ini, notaris tetap dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban secara perdata, administratif, maupun pidana apabila terjadi kelalaian atau sengketa, meskipun kewenangan yang dijalankan tidak memiliki dasar pengaturan yang eksplisit. Oleh karena itu, secara doktrinal dapat disimpulkan bahwa kekosongan norma dalam UUJN mencerminkan suatu bentuk ketidaklengkapan hukum yang memerlukan intervensi legislasi. Pembentukan norma yang lebih jelas dan tegas menjadi suatu keniscayaan guna menjamin kepastian hukum serta memberikan perlindungan yang proporsional bagi notaris dalam menjalankan fungsi penyimpanan sertifikat hak milik atas tanah.

Kata Kunci: Tanggung Jawab Notaris; Sertifikat Hak Milik Tanah; Perlindungan Hukum; Pengalihan Tanah; Perjanjian Penitipan; Indonesia

Abstract

This study analyzes the incompleteness of the norms in Law Number 2 of 2014 concerning the Notary Public (UUJN) related to the absence of explicit regulations regarding the authority of notaries in storing land title certificates during the transfer of ownership process. The focus of this study lies in the normative construction of Article 15 of the UUJN, which only contains general obligations for notaries to act in a trustworthy manner and safeguard the interests of the parties, but does not provide specific limitations or legitimacy of authority regarding the practice of certificate storage. This condition creates legal uncertainty and opens up room for interpretation that has the potential to place notaries in a position of responsibility without explicit legal authorization (ultra vires risk). Using normative legal research methods through statutory and conceptual approaches, this study examines primary and secondary legal materials to assess the forms of legal protection available and the construction of notary accountability in this practice. The results of the analysis indicate that legal protection for notaries is indirect and depends on the interpretation of the general provisions of the UUJN, thus not providing adequate legal certainty. In practice, certificate retention often occurs in situations where the buyer has not fully paid the land price, a normative requirement not expressly regulated in the UUJN. Due to this incompleteness, notaries can still be held liable under civil, administrative, and criminal law for negligence or disputes, even though their authority lacks an explicit regulatory basis. Therefore, doctrinally, it can be concluded that the lack of norms in the UUJN reflects a form of legal incompleteness that requires legislative intervention. The establishment of clearer and more stringent norms is a necessity to ensure legal certainty and provide proportional protection for notaries in carrying out their function of storing land title certificates.

Keywords: notary responsibilities; land title certificates; legal protection; land transfer; custody agreement; Indonesia