Early Development Of The Tetra Cardinalfish: Paracheirodon Axelrodi Schultz 1956
Abstract
Cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi, merupakan ikan hias yang populer di Indonesia dan mancanegara. Penyumbang ikan hias akuarium di Rio Negro, Amerika Selatan. Komoditas ekspor ikan hias ke Amerika, Jepang dan Singapura. Ikan ini sangat sulit dikembangbiakkan di lingkungan aslinya. Informasi ilmiah tentang reproduksi, perkembangan embrio dan larva masih sangat sedikit. Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk memperoleh informasi tentang reproduksi, perkembangan embrio dan larva cardinal tetra. Informasi ini sangat penting untuk meningkatkan perkembangbiakan ikan cardinal tetra dan konservasi ex situ. Sebanyak 20-50 butir telur digunakan untuk mengamati embrio melalui penetasan dengan mikroskop stereo pada perbesaran 50-100x. Embrio diamati dengan mikroskop stereo sebanyak 20-50 butir telur pada perbesaran 1-2,5x. Fekunditas berkisar antara 115 sampai 550 butir telur. Telur berbentuk bulat, transparan, agak lengket dan tenggelam ke dasar. Diameter telur 0,835-2,202 ±3,7 mm saat menetas dan terhidrasi. Panjang larva saat menetas 2,406-2,703 ±86,96 mm. Kuning telur habis setelah 4-5 hari. Bukaan mulut 0,235-0,366 mm cukup untuk memakan nauplii Artemia sp. Larva mulai berenang bebas setelah 4 hari. Perkembangan larva hingga tahap akhir memakan waktu 28-30 hari.
Kata Kunci: Embrio, Larva, Perkembangan, Pertumbuhan, Pembiakan, Konservasi
The cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi, is a popular ornamental fish in Indonesia and abroad. Contributor to ornamental aquarium fish in Rio Negro, South America. Export commodity of ornamental fish to America, Japan and Singapore. This fish is very difficult for breeding in its native environment. There is little scientific information on reproduction, embryonic and larval development. The objective of the research was to obtain information on the reproduction, embryonic and larval development of the cardinal tetra. This information is essential to improve the breeding of cardinal tetra fish and ex situ conservation. A total of 20-50 eggs were used to observe embryos through hatching with a stereo microscope at 50-100x magnification. Embryos were observed with a stereo microscope for 20-50 eggs at 1-2.5x magnification. Fecundity ranged from 115 to 550 eggs. Eggs are round, transparent, slightly sticky and sink to the bottom. Egg diameter 0.835-2.202 ±3.7 mm at hatching and hydration. Larval length at hatching 2.406-2.703 ±86.96 mm. Yolk depleted after 4-5 days. Mouth opening of 0.235-0.366mm is sufficient for consuming the Artemia sp. nauplii. Larvae start swimming freely after 4 days. Larval development to the final stage takes 28-30 days.
Keywords: Embryo, larva, development, growth, breeding, conservation
References
Alho, C. J. R., Reis, R. E., & Aquino, P. P. U. (2015). Amazonian freshwater habitats experiencing environmental and socioeconomic threats affecting subsistence fisheries. Ambio, 44, 412–425.
Benedito‐Cecilio, E., & Araujo‐Lima, C. A. R. M. (2002). Variation in the carbon isotope composition of Semaprochilodus insignis, a detritivorous fish associated with oligotrophic and eutrophic Amazonian rivers. Journal of Fish Biology, 60(6), 1603–1607.
Cabrita, E., Horváth, Á., Marinović, Z., & Asturiano, J. F. (2022). Technologies and strategies for ex situ conservation of aquatic organisms: The role of cryopreservation in long-term management. In Cellular and molecular approaches in fish biology (pp. 1–48). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-822273-7.00011-2
Cavallino, L., Rincón, L., & Scaia, M. F. (2023). Social behaviors as welfare indicators in teleost fish. Frontiers in Veterinary Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1050510
Cole, B. E., & Haring, M. (1999). Spawning and production of the serpae tetra, Hyphessobrycon serpae.
Evers, H.‐G., Pinnegar, J. K., & Taylor, M. I. (2019). Where are they all from?–Sources and sustainability in the ornamental freshwater fish trade. Journal of Fish Biology, 94(6), 909–916.
Gochee, P. A., & Staecker, H. (2013). 3 Anatomy of the auditory system. Otology and Neurotology.
Gomes, L. C., Brinn, R. P., Marcon, J. L., Dantas, L. A., Brandão, F. R., De Abreu, J. S., Lemos, P. E. M., McComb, D. M., & Baldisserotto, B. (2009). Benefits of using the probiotic Efinol® L during transportation of cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi (Schultz), in the Amazon. Aquaculture Research, 40(2), 157–165.
Goodall, J., Rincón-Camacho, L., & Pozzi, A. G. (2024). Epidermal club cells in the cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi): Presence, distribution, and relationship to antipredator behavior. Zoology, 164, 126170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2024.126170
Imtihani, H., & Nasser, M. (2024). The unjustifiable targeting of healthcare in Palestine: A violation of human rights and international law. International Journal of Innovative Education Research and Multidisciplinary, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.47006/ijierm.v6i3.367
Khaira, A. P., Ginting, C. N., Chiuman, L., Chiuman, V., & Sihombing, B. (2024). Effect of Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium) nanoherbal extract administration on liver function and liver histopathology of streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats. International Journal of Innovative Education Research and Multidisciplinary, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.47006/ijierm.v6i3.350
Kusrini, E., Cindelaras, S., & Prasetio, A. B. (2015). Pengembangan budidaya ikan hias koi (Cyprinus carpio) lokal di Balai Penelitian dan Pengembangan Budidaya Ikan Hias Depok. Media Akuakultur, 10(2), 71–78.
Lythgoe, J. N., & Shand, J. (1983). Endogenous circadian retinomotor movements in the neon tetra (Paracheirodon innesi). Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 24(9), 1203–1210.
Mikkola, H. (2024). Aquaculture and fisheries as a food source in the Amazon region: A review. Food & Nutrition Journal, 9(286). https://doi.org/10.29011/2575-7091.100186
Mirande, J. M. (2019). Morphology, molecules and the phylogeny of Characidae (Teleostei, Characiformes). Cladistics, 35(3), 282–300.
Möller, L. M., & Beheregaray, L. B. (2004). Genetic evidence for sex‐biased dispersal in resident bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). Molecular Ecology, 13(6), 1607–1612.
Moloney, D. J. F., Collins, C., Holloway, P., & O'Riordan, R. (2023). The conservationist's toolkit: A critical review of the need for a conceptual framework of both in-situ and ex-situ conservation strategies to ensure the success of restoration ecology. Biological Conservation, 287, 110345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110345
Nomor, J., & Kampung Baru. (n.d.). Pengaruh perbedaan suhu inkubasi terhadap waktu penetasan dan daya tetas telur ikan sinodontis (Synodontis eupterus). Jurnal Perikanan dan Kelautan, p–ISSN 2089, 3469.
Nurhidayat, N., Hartanto, T. R., & Nainggolan, A. (2015). Efektifitas karbon aktif Cocos nucifera L. untuk meningkatkan sintasan dan pertumbuhan benih ikan cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi). In Prosiding Forum Inovasi Teknologi Akuakultur (pp. 949–956).
Nurhidayat, N., Wardin, L., & Sitorus, E. (2016). The survival and growth performance of juvenile cardinal tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi) with application of tropical almond (Terminalia catappa) leaves. Nusantara Bioscience, 8(1).
Oliveira, S. R. de, Baptista de Souza, R. T. Y., Nunes, É. da S. S., de Carvalho, C. S. M., de Menezes, G. C., Marcon, J. L., Roubach, R., Ono, E. A., & Affonso, E. G. (2008). Tolerance to temperature, pH, ammonia, and nitrite in cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi, an Amazonian ornamental fish. Acta Amazonica, 38, 773–779.
Permana, A., Kusrini, E., Priyadi, A., & Cindelaras, S. (2020). Perkembangan embrio dan larva pada domestikasi ikan cupang (Betta rubra Perugia, 1893). Jurnal Riset Akuakultur, 15(1), 19–29.
Rincón-Camacho, L., Jungblut, L. D., Pandolfi, M., & Pozzi, A. G. (2022). Ultrastructural and immunohistochemical characteristics of the olfactory organ of cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi (Characiformes: Characidae). Journal of Morphology, 283(6), 815–826. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.21473
Stevanato, D. J., & Ostrensky, A. (2018). Ontogenetic development of tetra Astyanax lacustris (Characiformes: Characidae). Neotropical Ichthyology, 16(2), e170073.
Walker, I. (2004). The food spectrum of the cardinal-tetra (Paracheirodon axelrodi, Characidae) in its natural habitat. Acta Amazonica, 34, 69–73.
Walster, C. (2024). Ornamental fish welfare. In The handbook of ornamental fish health and welfare (pp. 256-265). CABI. https://doi.org/10.1079/9781789246032.0024
Wijaya, D. (2024). Legal protection for doctors in legal disputes in hospitals from the perspective of employment agreements. International Journal of Innovative Education Research and Multidisciplinary, 6(3). https://doi.org/10.47006/ijierm.v6i3.351
Woynarovich, E., & Horváth, L. (1980). The artificial propagation of warm-water finfishes: A manual for extension.
Yen, L. I. M. C. (2013). Effect of pH on the breeding and larval development of cardinal tetra, Paracheirodon axelrodi.
Zehev, B. S., Almeida, V., Benzaken, A., & Ribeiro, R. (2015). Ornamental fishery in Rio Negro (Amazon region), Brazil: Combining social, economic and fishery analyses. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 6(4), 1000143.
