KOMUNIKASI SEBAGAI INSTRUMEN KEKUASAAN: ANALISIS WACANA KRITIS ATAS IDEOLOGI DAN DOMINASI DALAM KONFLIK AMERIKA SERIKAT–IRAN
Abstract
Penelitian ini berangkat dari persoalan bahwa komunikasi resmi dalam konflik Amerika Serikat-Iran tidak hanya menyampaikan kebijakan, tetapi juga membentuk legitimasi, ideologi, dan batas tindakan yang dianggap sah. Penelitian bertujuan menganalisis bagaimana kedua negara merepresentasikan diri dan lawan, membingkai ancaman, hukum, perdamaian, serta tindakan koersif selama periode Januari 2020-Juni 2026. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain analisis wacana kritis komparatif terhadap dua puluh dokumen resmi yang diterbitkan oleh lembaga kepresidenan dan kementerian luar negeri Amerika Serikat dan Iran. Analisis dilakukan melalui representasi aktor, polarisasi moral, modalitas, strategi legitimasi, serta pembacaan tematik secara longitudinal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa wacana Amerika Serikat secara konsisten membingkai Iran sebagai ancaman terorisme, nuklir, dan ketidakstabilan regional, sementara tekanan ekonomi dan penggunaan kekuatan diposisikan sebagai tindakan perlindungan dan jalan menuju perdamaian. Sebaliknya, wacana Iran membingkai Amerika Serikat sebagai agresor unilateral dan pelanggar hukum internasional, sedangkan Iran dikonstruksi sebagai negara berdaulat yang melakukan perlawanan dan pembelaan diri. Temuan memperlihatkan adanya pola legitimasi cermin, yaitu penggunaan struktur argumentasi serupa untuk menghasilkan penilaian moral yang berlawanan.
References
Abdi, A. (2025). A feminist international political economy of sanctions: crises and the shifting gendered regimes of labor and survival in Iran. International Feminist Journal of Politics, 27(1), 81–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616742.2025.2454462
Akdoğan, İ., & Adıgüzel, Y. (2022). A Strategic Narrative Construction of the Trump Administration on Iran’s Nuclear Program. Siyasal: Journal of Political Sciences, 31(2), 195–216. https://doi.org/10.26650/siyasal.2022.31.1067268
Aksar, I. A., Imran, M. A., Gong, J., & Baloch, H. U. R. (2025). Reframing the Taliban: A critical discourse analysis of media narratives in Pakistan, China and the United States. Media, War & Conflict. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506352251355506
Alibigloo, H. P., & Alipoor, J. (2025). Media representation of Israel–Iran confrontation in CNN and TASS. Review of Communication, 25(4), 267–280. https://doi.org/10.1080/15358593.2025.2540816
Altiparmak, S. O., & Thies, C. G. (2026a). Sanctioning as a goal unto itself: retribution and emotions behind the Iranian sanctions. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 39(1), 124–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2025.2574691
Altiparmak, S. O., & Thies, C. G. (2026b). Sanctioning as a goal unto itself: retribution and emotions behind the Iranian sanctions. Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 39(1), 124–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/09557571.2025.2574691
Beidollahkhani, A. (2022a). Discourse Formation of Political Dissents via Twitter: Political Sociology of the Subversion Discourse in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Sociological Research Online, 27(4), 1020–1039. https://doi.org/10.1177/13607804221122462
Beidollahkhani, A. (2022b). Discourse Formation of Political Dissents via Twitter: Political Sociology of the Subversion Discourse in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Sociological Research Online, 27(4), 1020–1039. https://doi.org/10.1177/13607804221122462
Cap, P. (2025). Discourses of leadership in the 2015–2023 Poland: From conflict and crisis, to a “smiling state.” Discourse and Society, 36(4), 453–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/09579265241271490
Dinler, M. (2026a). Shamed but not Ashamed: Iran’s Use of Symbolic Power and Making the World Turn around Stigma. Global Studies Quarterly, 6(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksag035
Dinler, M. (2026b). Shamed but not Ashamed: Iran’s Use of Symbolic Power and Making the World Turn around Stigma. Global Studies Quarterly, 6(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksag035
Egeland, K. (2021a). The Ideology of Nuclear Order. New Political Science, 43(2), 208–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2021.1886772
Egeland, K. (2021b). The Ideology of Nuclear Order. New Political Science, 43(2), 208–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2021.1886772
Eisenstadt, M. (2025a). The Risk and Reward of Preventive Strikes Against Iran. Survival, 67(5), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2025.2561480
Eisenstadt, M. (2025b). The Risk and Reward of Preventive Strikes Against Iran. Survival, 67(5), 45–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2025.2561480
Eslami, M. (2024a). Exploring the Driving Forces Behind Iran’s Nuclear Deterrence Strategy: A Novel Methodological Approach. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament, 7(1), 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/25751654.2024.2319381
Eslami, M. (2024b). Exploring the Driving Forces Behind Iran’s Nuclear Deterrence Strategy: A Novel Methodological Approach. Journal for Peace and Nuclear Disarmament, 7(1), 211–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/25751654.2024.2319381
Goulding, S., & Liu, Z. (2025). (De)Legitimating support: British newspapers’ legitimation strategies during the Battle of Bakhmut. In Media, War and Conflict. Media, War & Conflict. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506352251360954
Hennink, M., & Kaiser, B. N. (2022). Sample sizes for saturation in qualitative research: A systematic review of empirical tests. Social Science and Medicine, 292, 114523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114523
Kebede, A. T., & Pohjonen, M. (2025). ‘Adwa, not AGOA’: Digital propaganda and strategic narratives during the Ethiopian civil war of 2020 to 2022. Media, War and Conflict. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506352251403008
Kermani, H. (2022). Populist discourse and the resulting discontent in hybrid regimes: an examination of Rouhani’s rhetoric in the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Political Research Exchange, 4(1), 2081585. https://doi.org/10.1080/2474736X.2022.2081585
Kermani, H. (2025). Framing the Pandemic on Persian Twitter: Gauging Networked Frames by Topic Modeling. American Behavioral Scientist, 69(10), 1289–1304. https://doi.org/10.1177/00027642231207078
Kermani, H., Bayat Makou, A., Tafreshi, A., Mohamad Ghodsi, A., & Ataee, H. (2023). Bots Versus Humans: Discursive Activism During the Pandemic in the Iranian Twittersphere. Social Media and Society, 9(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231216927
Kermani, H., & Hooman, N. (2024). Hashtag feminism in a blocked context: The mechanisms of unfolding and disrupting #rape on Persian Twitter. New Media and Society, 26(8), 4750–4784. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221128827
Kermani, H., & Tafreshi, A. (2023). Walking with Bourdieu into Twitter communities: an analysis of networked publics struggling on power in Iranian Twittersphere. Information Communication and Society, 26(8), 1653–1674. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2021.2021267
Kiger, M. E., & Varpio, L. (2020). Thematic analysis of qualitative data: AMEE Guide No. 131. Medical Teacher, 42(8), 846–854. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1755030
Moghadam, V. M. (2024). The gendered politics of Iran-U.S. relations: sanctions, the JCPOA and women’s security. Third World Quarterly, 45(7), 1199–1218. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2024.2314005
Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A Step-by-Step Process of Thematic Analysis to Develop a Conceptual Model in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
Norton, K., & Cooley, A. (2025). A comparative analysis of strategic narratives and persuasive language techniques within Iranian and US news media: The study of the joint comprehensive plan of action. Media, War and Conflict, 18(1), 82–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/17506352241249065
Pesaran, E. (2026). Outside In? Iran’s Mixed Responses to International Stigmatization. Iranian Studies, 59(2), 365–371. https://doi.org/10.1017/irn.2025.10135
Ranji, B., & Selvik, K. (2026). Emotions in the legitimation of repression: state framing during the Woman, Life, Freedom movement in Iran. International Political Science Review, 47(2), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/01925121251355491
Ravitch, S., & Carl, N. (2021). Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological. In Qualitative Research: Bridging the Conceptual, Theoretical, and Methodological (2nd ed.). SAGE.
RezaeeDaryakenari, B., Ghafouri, V., & Kasap, N. (2025). Who Rallies Round the Flag? The Impact of the US Sanctions on Iranians’ Attitude toward the Government. Foreign Policy Analysis, 21(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1093/fpa/orae033
Saldana, J. (2025). The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers. In The Coding Manual for Qualitative Researchers (4th ed.). SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781036235611
Simon, C., Rees, S., & Thomas, R. (2023). Behind the scenes: A critical discourse analysis of Botswana government power plays on Facebook during two post-millennial state-owned organizational crises. Public Relations Inquiry, 12(3), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1177/2046147X231200891
Valerio Jovan, C. (2021). the United States Unilateral Withdrawal From the Restrictions of Iran’S Nuclear Program in Jcpoa 2015 Under International Law. Padjadjaran Journal of International Law, 4(2), 247–264. https://doi.org/10.23920/pjil.v4i2.414
Ylldlz, E. (2021). Of Nuclear Rials and Golden Shoes: Scaling Commodities and Currencies across Sanctions on Iran. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 53(4), 604–619. https://doi.org/10.1017/S002074382100043X
.png)
.png)
